Table 1 Comparisons of participants with and without depression
Characteristics | n (%) | Depression | χ2 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||
Total | 601 (100.00) | 235 (39.10) | 366 (60.90) | N/A | N/A |
Sex | |||||
Male | 215 (35.77) | 72 (33.49) | 143 (66.51) | 4.42 | 0.035* |
Female | 386 (64.23) | 163 (42.22) | 223 (57.78) | ||
Tribe | |||||
Akha | 281 (46.76) | 84 (29.89) | 197 (70.11) | 19.48 | < 0.001* |
Lahu | 201 (33.44) | 92 (45.77) | 109 (54.23) | ||
Mien | 66 (10.98) | 34 (51.52) | 32 (48.48) | ||
Lisu | 53 (8.82) | 25 (47.17) | 28 (52.83) | ||
Age (years) | |||||
40–59 | 372 (61.90) | 146 (39.25) | 226 (60.75) | 0.01 | 0.926 |
≥ 60 | 229 (38.10) | 89 (38.86) | 140 (61.14) | ||
(max = 40, min = 88, mean = 56.91, SD = 10.34) | |||||
Religion | |||||
Buddhist | 258 (42.93) | 124 (48.06) | 134 (51.94) | 15.24 | < 0.001* |
Christian | 343 (57.07) | 111 (32.36) | 232 (67.64) | ||
Marital status | |||||
Single | 142 (23.63) | 64 (45.07) | 78 (54.93) | 2.78 | 0.095 |
Married | 459 (76.37) | 171 (37.25) | 288 (62.75) | ||
Education | |||||
Not educated beyond primary school | 575 (95.67) | 222 (38.61) | 353 (61.39) | 1.35 | 0.244 |
High school and higher | 26 (4.33) | 13 (50.00) | 13 (50.00) | ||
Having an income | |||||
No | 308 (51.25) | 125 (40.58) | 183 (59.42) | 0.58 | 0.445 |
Yes | 293 (48.75) | 110 (37.54) | 183 (62.46) | ||
Family debt | |||||
No | 246 (40.93) | 78 (31.71) | 168 (68.29) | 9.56 | 0.002* |
Yes | 355 (59.07) | 157 (44.23) | 198 (55.77) | ||
Living situation | |||||
With family member | 565 (94.01) | 219 (38.76) | 346 (61.24) | 0.45 | 0.498 |
Alone | 36 (5.99) | 16 (44.44) | 20 (55.56) | ||
History of substance use | |||||
No | 369 (61.40) | 130 (35.23) | 239 (64.77) | 6.01 | 0.014* |
Yes | 232 (38.60) | 105 (45.26) | 127 (54.74) | ||
Smoking | |||||
No | 410 (68.22) | 148 (36.10) | 262 (63.90) | 4.88 | 0.027* |
Yes | 191 (31.78) | 87 (45.55) | 104 (54.45) | ||
Alcohol use | |||||
No | 479 (79.70) | 183 (38.20) | 296 (61.80) | 0.79 | 0.372 |
Yes | 122 (20.30) | 52 (42.62) | 70 (57.38) | ||
Having a medical condition | |||||
No | 257 (42.76) | 79 (30.74) | 178 (69.26) | 13.18 | < 0.001* |
Yes | 344 (57.24) | 156 (45.35) | 188 (54.65) | ||
Experiencing stress 6 months prior | |||||
No | 418 (69.55) | 101 (24.16) | 317 (75.84) | 128.65 | < 0.001* |
Yes | 183 (30.45) | 134 (73.22) | 49 (26.78) | ||
Reduction in ability to complete housework | |||||
No | 497 (82.70) | 160 (32.19) | 337 (67.81) | 57.56 | < 0.001* |
Yes | 104 (17.30) | 75 (72.12) | 29 (27.88) | ||
Living independently with no need for interaction with people | |||||
No | 534 (88.85) | 181 (33.90) | 353 (66.10) | 54.52 | < 0.001* |
Yes | 67 (11.15) | 54 (80.60) | 13 (19.40) | ||
Reduced work productivity within previous 6 months | |||||
No | 478 (79.50) | 144 (30.13) | 334 (69.87) | 79.024 | < 0.001* |
Yes | 123 (20.50) | 91 (73.98) | 32 (26.02) | ||
Knowledge | |||||
Low | 405 (67.38) | 136 (33.58) | 269 (66.42) | 17.24 | < 0.001* |
Moderate | 111 (18.47) | 60 (54.05) | 51 (45.95) | ||
High | 85 (11.14) | 39 (45.88) | 46 (54.12) | ||
Attitude | |||||
Poor | 394 (65.56) | 151 (38.32) | 243 (61.68) | 0.89 | 0.638 |
Neutral | 129 (21.46) | 55 (42.64) | 74 (57.36) | ||
Good | 78 (12.97) | 29 (31.18) | 49 (62.82) | ||