Variable | Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Socio-demographics | ||||
Age (years) | ||||
18–29 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | – |
30–49 | 3.88 (1.52, 9.91)** | 2.90 (1.05 7.99)* | 1.17 (0.76, 1.79) | |
50–69 | 2.56 (1.02, 6.40)* | 2.41 (0.90, 6.46)* | 1.14 (0.74, 1.75) | |
Education | ||||
Secondary or more | 1 (Reference) | – | 1 (Reference) | – |
Standard 5–8 | 0.84 (0.31, 2.27) | 1.62 (0.89, 2.95) | ||
Standard 1–4 | 0.87 (0.34, 2.25) | 1.31 (0.77, 2.24) | ||
None | 1.59 (0.22, 11.75) | 0.69 (0.35, 1.37) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Never married | 1 (Reference) | – | 1 (Reference) | – |
Married/cohabiting | 1.20 (0.34, 4.27) | 1.69 (0.77, 3.70) | ||
Separated/divorced/widowed | 0.59 (0.14, 2.49) | 2.00 (0.80, 5.02) | ||
Employment status | ||||
Nonpaid or unemployed | 1 (Reference) | – | 1 (Reference) | – |
Employed or student | 1.23 (0.66, 2.27) | 0.71 (0.44, 1.16) | ||
Residence | ||||
Rural | 1 (Reference) | – | 1 (Reference) | – |
Urban | 0.84 (0.25, 2.86) | 1.08 (0.63, 1.86) | ||
Language of interview | ||||
Tumbuka | 1 (Reference) | – | 1 (Reference) | – |
Chewa | 0.88 (0.17, 4.57) | 1.79 (0.62, 5.18) | ||
English | 1.31 (0.35, 4.85) | 2.57 (0.89, 7.41) | ||
Psychosocial distress | ||||
Alcohol family problem | 5.09 (2.51, 10.31)*** | 5.04 (2.18, 11.65)*** | 3.11 (1.49, 6.49)** | 2.75 (1.34, 5.61)** |
Family member attempted suicide | 0.98 (0.29, 3.29) | – | 2.96 (1.31, 6.66)** | – |
Family member died from suicide | 0.50 (0.10, 2.44) | – | 3.74 (1.32, 10.64)* | 3.33 (1.10, 10.07)* |
Passive smoking | 1.80 (0.75, 4.30) | – | 1.38 (0.88, 2.18) | – |
Physical factors and risk behaviours | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (< 100 mmHg) | 0.90 (0.42, 1.97) | – | 2.96 (1.31, 6.68)** | 0.96 (0.41, 2.18) |
Not taking anti-hypertension medication | 0.37 (0.08, 1.71) | – | 1.79 (1.01, 3.16)* | 1.35 (0.79, 2.30) |
Body mass index | ||||
Normal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | – |
Underweight | 0.68 (0.23, 2.01) | 0.78 (0.29, 2.11) | 1.94 (0.94, 4.01) | |
Overweight | 1.18 (0.57, 2.46) | 1.20 (0.52, 2.70) | 0.73 (0.41, 1.28) | |
Obesity | 0.22 (0.05, 0.87)* | 0.15 (0.04, 0.67)* | 0.68 (0.35, 1.31) | |
Diabetes status | ||||
No | 1 (Reference) | – | 1 (Reference) | – |
Prediabetes | 1.20 (0.24, 6.13) | 2.46 (0.99, 6.13) | ||
Diabetes | 2.17 (0.43, 10.91) | 1.26 (0.37, 4.28) | ||
Raised total cholesterol | 1.96 (0.71, 5.36) | – | 0.59 (0.35, 1.01) | – |
Heart attack, angina or stroke | 0.90 (0.30, 2.68) | – | 2.36 (1.28, 4.33)** | 2.07 (1.17, 3.66)* |
Early smoking initiation (≤ 14 years) | 8.60 (2.03, 36.45)** | 6.20 (0.75, 51.16) | 2.01 (0.21, 19.27) | – |
Current smokeless tobacco use | 0.17 (0.02, 1.58) | – | 1.91 (0.89, 4.14) | – |
Current alcohol use | 1.50 (0.65, 3.42) | – | 2.33 (1.05, 5.14)* | 1.48 (0.77, 2.83) |
Alcohol dependence | 1.76 (0.53, 5.80) | – | 0.78 (0.15, 3.99) | – |
No active transport | 0.31 (0.10, 0.98)* | 0.36 (0.11, 1.15) | 2.62 (1.58, 4.35)*** | 2.43 (1.46, 4.06)** |
Sedentary behaviour | 2.64 (0.96, 7.25) | – | 1.11 (0.57, 2.27) | – |