Table 4 Multivariable Poisson regression model of the association between the number of involuntary hospitalizations and sociodemographic, clinical, and contextual characteristics

Sociodemographic characteristics

Gender

 Women

Ref

 Men

1.31

1.06–1.62 *

Age

 15–29

Ref

 30–49

1.10

0.86–1.42

 50–64

0.97

0.69–1.38

 ≥ 65

0.89

0.52–1.49

Marital status

 Single

Ref

 Married/cohabitating

0.74

0.56–0.99 *

 Divorced/separated/widowed

0.94

0.70–1.24

Education

 None or primary education

Ref

 Basic education

1.30

0.98–1.73

 Secondary education

1.45

1.05–2.01 *

 Higher education

1.89

1.38–2.60 ***

Employment status

 Workers or students

Ref

 Unemployed

1.08

0.84–1.39

 Retired or others

1.11

0.86–1.45

Clinical characteristics

Psychiatric diagnosis

 Mood and anxiety disorders

Ref

 Dementia

0.98

0.46–1.92

 Substance use disorders

0.94

0.60–1.43

 Psychosis

2.02

1.59–2.59 ***

 Other mental disorders

0.84

0.55–1.26

Suicide attempt

 No

Ref

 Yes

0.26

0.15–0.42 ***

Contextual characteristics

Year

 2002

Ref

 2007

1.61

1.21- 2.16 **

 2012

1.73

1.31–2.32 ***

Psychiatric service

 Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental EPE

Ref

 Hospital de Magalhães Lemos EPE

0.65

0.49–0.86 **

 Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa

0.67

0.49–0.90 **

 Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca EPE

0.79

0.54–1.14

 Unidade Local de Saúde do Baixo Alentejo EPE

0.67

0.46–0.96 *